Computer Networking , HTML,CSS, AJAX, Web designing, CorelDraw, Photoshop Tutorials Free here
Sunday, July 14, 2013
Saturday, July 13, 2013
About IP Address
MAXVISITS is the one of the best website that deliver the visitors at our website or blog this website get me fan so be ready for take traffic on your own website or blog with MAXVISITS
IP ADDRESS
Internet Protocol is a routed protocol used to Send Packet
Class A 0-126
Class B 128-191
Class C 192-223
Class D 224-239
Class E 240-255
IP Address No. 127 is reserved for Loopback Testing
Default Subnet Mask
A 255.0.0.0
B 255.255.0.0
C 255.255.255.0
Network Means No. of ON Bits(1)
Host Means No. of OFF bits(0)
Class A => 8/24 i.e. 8 ON & 24 OFF
Class B => 16/16 i.e. 16 ON & 16 OFF
Class C => 24/8 i.e. 24 ON & 8 OFF
Network = 2^X ( X is the power of 2)
X is the no. of ON bits
Host =2^Y-2 ( Y is the power of 2)
Y is the no. of OFF bits
Friday, July 12, 2013
CATEGORY 5 CABLE (CAT 5)
Category 5 cable
Category 5 cable,
commonly known as Cat 5, is an
unshielded twisted pair type cable designed for high signal integrity. The
actual standard defines specific electrical properties of the wire, but it is
most commonly known as being rated for its Ethernet capability of 100 Mbit/s.
Its specific standard designation is EIA/TIA-568. Cat 5 cable typically has
three twists per inch of each twisted pair of 24 gauge copper wires within the
cable. Another important characteristic is that the wires are insulated with a
plastic (FEP) that has low dispersion, that is, the dielectric constant of the
plastic does not depend greatly on frequency. Special attention also has to be
paid to minimizing impedance mismatches at connection points.
It is often used in structured
cabling for computer networks such as fast Ethernet, although it is often used
to carry many other signals such as basic voice services, token ring, and ATM
(at up to 155 Mbits/s, over short distances).
The other well known flavour of
this type of cable is the 10 Mbit/s Category 3 cable. Less well known is the 20
Mbit/s Cat 4. Cat 4 offered only a small advance in speed over Cat3, and was
generally ignored in favour of Cat 5. Cat 1 and Cat 2 are 1 Mbit/s systems for
voice and low-speed data.
Patch leads created from Cat 5
are often terminated with RJ-45 electrical connectors. Normal Cat 5 cables are
wired "straight through" and connect a computer to a hub. In other
words, pin 1 is connected to pin 1, pin 2 to pin 2, etc. The RJ-45 pinout for a
Cat 5 cable can either be TIA-568A or TIA-568B. TIA-568A is used by some phone
systems and Token Ring. Most everything else, such as the Ethernet standards
10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, use TIA-568B.
In Ethernet,
"crossover" Cat-5 cables are used to connect two hubs together, in
which pairs two and three are reversed. Crossover cables can also be used to
connect two PC's NICs directly (with no intervening hub). See the TIA-568B
article for a pinout diagram.
Cat 5e cable
is an enhanced version of Cat 5 for use with 1000 Base-T networks, or for
long-distance 100 Base-T links (350 m, compared with 100 m for Cat5). It must
meet the EIA/TIA 568A-5 specification.
Cat 6 cable
is defined by the ANSI TIA/EIA 568B-2.1. It is suitable for 1000 Base-T
(gigabit) Ethernet up to 100 m.
Cat 7 cable,
with four individually-shielded pairs (ScTP) inside an overall shield, has been
proposed but is not in common use. It is designed for transmission frequencies
up to 600MHz, which should enable it to carry 10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GBaseT),
but requires a redesigned RJ-45 connector (called a GG45) to achieve this speed.
10GBaseT networks are not yet widely available, and may not be able to compete
with fibre optic networks.
The Anatomy of CAT5 Cable
What CAT5 Cable is
CAT5, which
is short for Category 5 and indicates the fifth generation, is a standard for
twisted pair Ethernet cable as defined by the EIA/TIA (Electronic Industries
Association and Telecommunications Industry Association).
CAT5 is the most common cabling system used for networks
today. CAT5 cable runs are limited to a maximum recommended length of 100m (328
feet).
How CAT5 Cable Works
CAT5 cables contain eight wires--usually 24-gauge copper.
The wires are divided into four pairs and each pair is twisted together, thus
the moniker “twisted pair.”
Pair 1:
White/Blue - Blue
Pair 2:
White/Orange - Orange
Pair 3:
White/Green - Green
Pair 4:
White/Brown - Brown
Fast
Ethernet (100 Mbps) communications utilize two pairs--Pair 2 and Pair 3 are
used while Pair 1 and Pair 4 are not.
CAT5 cable pairs are twisted together to promote signal
balance. Both wires in a pair carry the same information and the
electromagnetic fields generated by the individual wires cancel each other out
by virtue of being twisted together. Thus, each balanced pair poses less risk
of interference with the other pairs. Because each pair carries two copies of
the same information, less power is required to send the signal, further
reducing electromagnetic interference.
CAT5 cables have more twists per inch than earlier CAT
cable versions allowing CAT5 cable to run at higher speeds and span greater
lengths.
CAT5 cables are terminated by RJ45 connectors. There are
two standards for wiring RJ45 plugs and jacks—EIA/TIA T568A and T568B.
These standards dictate the color code pattern used to connect the cable wires
to the RJ45 plugs and jacks. Most pre-made patch cables use T568B.
CAT5 Cable Type
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) is the most common and is simply
made up of the twisted pairs enclosed in the vinyl jacket.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) is a bit more expensive and the
twisted pairs are encased an insulating wrapper and then enclosed in the vinyl
jacket. The insulating wrapper is designed to protect the signal from
electromagnetic interference leaking into or out of the cable.
How to make a CAT5 Cable.
A good CAT5
termination Provides a proper wire crimp, a wire insulation strain relief crimp
and a cable strain relief crimp. Also important, is not unwinding the wires
more than necessary, maintaining the twists as far as possible is important,
but don't let it stop you from inserting the wires as far as possible. I've
made a lot of these cables personally, and this is how I do it.
*Strip the cables Jacket back one full inch.
*Strip the cables Jacket back one full inch.
*Untwist the wires back to within 1/8" of the jacket.
*Arrange the wires in the order in which you want to crimp them, (ie. 568A, 568B, etc.).
*Grasp the wires firmly, between your thumb and forefinger, flatten them, and even wiggle them a bit, to take out the curliness, (concentrate your efforts on the bottom 1/2") the wires must lay flat and together, aligned as close as possible.
*While holding the wires firmly, cut off the the wires 1/2" from the cables jacket (Cut the wires with some sharp wire strippers or even high quality scissors, avoid wire cutters that flatten the ends of the wires insulating material, this makes stuffing the wires very difficult.)
* Stuff the wires into the connector, making sure the wires stay lined up. * The wires should reach the end of the little tube they are in, if possible, or at least past the farthest point of that "little funny Gold Plated thingy"above it, which will terminate it.
* The jacket should go even with the end of the first indent, if possible, it's a strain relief for the cable.
*Insert it into the crimping tool, and Crimp it! All of this is very dependant on the tools you are using, the connectors you are using, and the cable you are using. A bad combination can be hell!
How to wire a CAT5 (EIA 568-B*) Cable.
connector #1
|
connector #2
|
1 WHT/ORG
2 ORG/WHT 3 WHT/GRN 4 BLU/WHT 5 WHT/BLU 6 GRN/WHT 7 WHT/BRN 8 BRN/WHT |
1 WHT/ORG
2 ORG/WHT 3 WHT/GRN 4 BLU/WHT 5 WHT/BLU 6 GRN/WHT 7 WHT/BRN 8 BRN/WHT |
How to wire a CAT5 (EIA 568-A*) Cable.
connector #1
|
connector #2
|
1 WHT/GRN
2 GRN/WHT 3 WHT/ORG 4 BLU/WHT 5 WHT/BLU 6 ORG/WHT 7 WHT/BRN 8 BRN/WHT |
1 WHT/GRN
2 GRN/WHT 3 WHT/ORG 4 BLU/WHT 5 WHT/BLU 6 ORG/WHT 7 WHT/BRN 8 BRN/WHT |
*The only real difference between 568A
and 568B is that
the White/Orange-Orange/White and White/Green-Green/White pairs are swapped.
the White/Orange-Orange/White and White/Green-Green/White pairs are swapped.
How to wire a
"Crossover" Cable.
(EIA 568-B*)
(EIA 568-B*)
connector #1
|
connector #2
|
1 WHT/ORG
2 ORG/WHT 3 WHT/GRN 4 BLU/WHT 5 WHT/BLU 6 GRN/WHT 7 WHT/BRN 8 BRN/WHT |
1 WHT/GRN
2 GRN/WHT 3 WHT/ORG 4 BLU/WHT 5 WHT/BLU 6 ORG/WHT 7 BRN/WHT 8 WHT/BRN |
USOC crossover cables are like this:
1 WHT/BRN
2 WHT/GRN 3 WHT/ORG 4 WHT/BLU 5 BLU/WHT 6 ORG/WHT 7 GRN/WHT 8 BRN/WHT |
8 WHT/BRN
7 WHT/GRN 6 WHT/ORG 5 WHT/BLU 4 BLU/WHT 3 ORG/WHT 2 GRN/WHT 1 BRN/WHT |
color abbreviations:
WHT-WHITE
BRN-BROWN
ORG-ORANGE
GRN-GREEN
BLU-BLUE
WHT-WHITE
BRN-BROWN
ORG-ORANGE
GRN-GREEN
BLU-BLUE
The first color listed in the color
pair is the dominant color of the wire.
In other words, WHT/ORG is a white wire with orange stripes.
In other words, WHT/ORG is a white wire with orange stripes.
RJ45 Ends:
The RJ45 end is a
8-position modular connector that looks like a large phone plug. There are a
couple variations available. The primary variation you need to pay attention to
is whether the connector is intended for braided or solid wire. For
braided/stranded wires, the connector has contacts that actually pierce the
wire. For solid wires, the connector has fingers which pierce the insulation
and make contact with the wire by grasping it from both sides. The connector is
the weak point in an ethernet cable, choosing the wrong one will often cause
grief later. If you just walk into a computer store, it's pretty impossible to
tell what type of connector it is, if it isn't specifically labelled. Strain
relief boots are somewhat helpful sometimes. Here is a diagram and pinout:
Cut a piece of Cat 5 as long as you need. When you
cut, remember the old saying: Measure twice, cut once. Make sure the cut on
each end is clean and straight.
Strip about an inch of the insulation off the
cable. Cut it back nice and square. Some crimping tools such as the one used in
this article come with a built-in wire stripper. You put the cable in to a stop
on one side of the cutter. It will cut the jacket the right length to make a
perfect crimp. It is extremely important that you only cut the plastic
insulation/jacket and not the wire. Damaging one of the 8 wires, even if you
just nick it or partially cut it, will ruin your cable.
Untwist the wires. You'll notice that there are 4
pairs of multi-colored wires inside. Sort the pairs by color. You should end up
with wires color coded as follows: blue/blue-white, orange/orange-white,
green/green-white, brown/brown-white.
Note: Some Cat 5 cable skimps on the color-coding
and you will have to keep the track of which wire was wrapped around which. If
at all possible, check the cable before you buy and make sure the color-coding
is easy to recognize. If not, you'll be cursing up a storm later and wish you
would have spent the extra 5 bucks on the better cable.
Now align the wires in the following order from
left to right. The order is important since there is a wiring standard defined
by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA).
It's called the EIA/TIA-568 Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring
Standard.
W
H I T E O R A N G E |
O
R A N G E |
W
H I T E G R E E N |
B
L U E |
W
H I T E B L U E |
G
R E E N |
W
H I T E B R O W N |
B
R O W N |
Get the wires lined up and nice and straight. Then
clip off the top millimeter so that they are all the same length and stick out
about half an inch from the insulated part.
Connecting two machines
to each other
Ethernet has two pairs of
wires in a twisted pair setup: one pair for transmit and one for recieve.
When
you connect a bunch of machines together using a hub, the hub relays all the
information from all the Transmit pairs to all the Receive pairs. That is, each
machine sees on its receive pairs the information sent on every machine's
Transmit pairs. The hub logically connects all the Transmit pairs to all the
Receive pairs. I say "logically" because this represents the information
flow. You can't physically connect all these wires together because all the
electrical signals would get messed up.
N.B.: If you're trailer-trash, think of it like the
thingie you have to put between your truck's turn signals and the trailer
wires, so it don't flash too fast. You do got a truck, don't you?
Now, if all you want to do is connect your trusty 386 to
your friend's Powerbook, then you don't need to deal with all this crap. All
you need, assuming both machines have an Ethernet RJ-45 connection, is a
cross-over cable. The cross-over cable works only between two machines to
connect one's transmit to the other's receive. It's like a hub with only two
ports.
Update:
if you have a new powerbook, you can forget the cross-over cable. In fact with
most new switches you can forget it too. Most equipment now has autosensing to
determine if a cross-over connection is required, in which case it just
switches the connection electronically automatically. You don't need a special
cable.
You can
- A. Buy a cross-over cable
- B. Make a cross-over cable
- C. Make a cross-over plug, so you don't have
any weird cables around.
B isn't hard. Here's the connection diagram:
C
is maybe best. You just take two RJ-45 sockets and wire them back to back,
crossing over the orange and green pairs. Then you can use conventional,
non-cross-over ethernet cables to connect each machine to the cross-over
sockets.
Thursday, July 11, 2013
COMMANDS
A. commands
1.Check IP
address using “ipconfig or ipconfig/all”
2.”ipconfig/release”
use to Delete IP Address.
3.”ipconfig/renew” use to renew IP address.
4.”nslookup”
Use to see the IP address of Website.
5.”Tracert”
Use to trace the IP address
6.”netstat
–n” Shows the protocol statistics and the current established TCP/IP connection
in the computer.
7.”Telnet”
use to
8.”arp –a”
use to see the connectivity as much as Computers are connected with us.
9.”mstsc.exe”
use to open the Remote desktop connection.
10.”ncpa.cpl”use
to open Network Properties.
11.”Hostname” Shows your computer name.
12.”FINGER” is used to retrieve the info. About a user on N/W.
13 .”Conf ” is used to
Netmeeting.
Create user on Physical or Server Machine
1.Go to my
computer then right click.
2.Go in
Manage option.
3.Local
user and Group.
4.User then
right click.
5.New User.
B. Make user From Administrator
1.Go to my
computer then right click.
2.Go in
Manage option.
3.Local
user and Group.
4.User then
right click.
5.Go in
Properties.
6.Member
Of.
7.Add
option.
8.In
Advance.
9.Find now
10.Apply
and OK.
C. TELNET
1.Right
Click on MY computerèGo to ManageèService and application èServiceè Telnet service on Automatically or ManuallyèSTART.
2.After
That go to RUN
3.IP
Address Of the Connected Machine.
4.YES
5.You will
have Access Remotely to Other Machine.
D. Allow
Remotly Connection
1.Go to MY
COMPUTERè Propertiesè Remote optionè Allow Remotly.
E. REMOTE DESKTOP CONNECTION
1. All
Programme .
2.AccessoriesèCommunicationèOR type mstsc.exe on RUN
3.Give IP
Address OF Connected Computer.
F. Manage Group
1.MY
ComputerèManageèLocal User and GroupèGroup
2.Then
Right Click and Create New Group.
G.How to Build Workgroup
1.MY
ComputerèPropertiesèChange SettingèGive the NameèDone
2.THEN My
Network PlaceèView Workgroup ComputerèOPEN PC
H.How to Build Proxy Server
1.Download
Proxy Server(e.g.CCPROXY 7.2).
2.Install
it.
3.Then Go
to Connected system.
4.Internet BrowserèToolsèOptionsèLAN SettingèGive IP Address of Server Machine and Port No..
5.DONE IT.
I.Send Msg
As an Administrator
1.Go to Control
PanelèAdministrative ToolsèServiceèMessengerèStart ServiceèOK
2.Now You
Can Send The Message to User.
J.Types Of Firewall
1.HostBase Firewall.
2.Application Firewall.
3.Straight Full Firewall.
K. HOW CAN FIREWALL ON
1. Runèncpa.cpl OR Network PropertiesèLAN PropertiesèAdvancedèSettingèON Firewall.
L.How To
Build Virtual Network Connection
1.Download
VNC From FileHippo.com or Any Other Site.
2.Install
it.
3.Install
VNC Server and Viewer For Administrator.
4.Install
VNC Server For User only.
5.DONE IT.
M.Disk Fragment
Statemnt.
Disk Fragment
is used to arrange the Data Properly and Improve the System Space.
Procedure.
1.
Go to Any
Drive(C, D, E, F)èPropertiesèToolsèDefragment NowèAnalyze Disk Then Defragment Disk.
Method II .
My ComputerèManageèDisk DefragmentèDefragmentèAnalyze Analyze Disk Then Defragment Disk.
Wednesday, July 10, 2013
Network Cabling
Network
Cabling
Cable
is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device
to another. There are several types of cable which are commonly used with LANs.
In some cases, a network will utilize only one type of cable, other networks
will use a variety of cable types. The type of cable chosen for a network is
related to the network's topology, protocol, and size. Understanding the
characteristics of different types of cable and how they relate to other
aspects of a network is necessary for the development of a successful network.
The following sections
discuss the types of cables used in networks and other related topics. - Unshielded Twisted Pair
(UTP) Cable
- Shielded Twisted Pair
(STP) Cable
- Coaxial Cable
- Fiber Optic Cable
- Wireless LANs
- Cable Installation
Guides
Unshielded
Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
Twisted
pair cabling comes in two varieties: shielded and unshielded. Unshielded
twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best option for
school networks (See fig. 1).
Fig.1. Unshielded twisted pair
The
quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to extremely high-speed
cable. The cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is
twisted with a different number of twists per inch to help eliminate
interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices. The tighter the
twisting, the higher the supported transmission rate and the greater the cost
per foot. The EIA/TIA (Electronic Industry Association/Telecommunication
Industry Association) has established standards of UTP and rated five
categories of wire.
Categories
of Unshielded Twisted Pair
|
Buy
the best cable you can afford; most schools purchase Category 3 or Category 5.
If you are designing a 10 Mbps Ethernet network and are considering the cost
savings of buying Category 3 wire instead of Category 5, remember that the
Category 5 cable will provide more "room to grow" as transmission
technologies increase. Both Category 3 and Category 5 UTP have a maximum
segment length of 100 meters. In Florida
Unshielded Twisted Pair
Connector
The
standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector.
This is a plastic connector that looks like a large telephone-style connector
(See fig. 2). A slot allows the RJ-45 to be inserted only one way. RJ stands
for Registered Jack, implying that the connector follows a standard borrowed
from the telephone industry. This standard designates which wire goes with each
pin inside the connector.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
A
disadvantage of UTP is that it may be susceptible to radio and electrical
frequency interference. Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for
environments with electrical interference; however, the extra shielding can
make the cables quite bulky. Shielded twisted pair is often used on networks
using Token Ring topology.
Coaxial cable is the kind of copper
cable used by cable TV companies between the community antenna and user homes
and businesses. Coaxial cable is sometimes used by telephone companies from
their central office to the telephone poles near users. It is also widely
installed for use in business and corporation Ethernet and other types of local
area network.
Coaxial cable is called
"coaxial" because it includes one physical channel that carries the
signal surrounded (after a layer of insulation) by another concentric physical
channel, both running along the same axis. The outer channel serves as a
ground. Many of these cables or pairs of coaxial tubes can be placed in a
single outer sheathing and, with repeaters, can carry information for a great
distance.
Coaxial cable was invented in 1929 and first used
commercially in 1941. AT&T established its first cross-continental coaxial
transmission system in 1940. Depending on the carrier technology used and other
factors, twisted pair copper wire and optical fiber are alternatives to coaxial
cable.
Coaxial
cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides
insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield (See fig.
3). The metal shield helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent
lights, motors, and other computers.
Although
coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal
interference. In addition, it can support greater cable lengths between network
devices than twisted pair cable. The two types of coaxial cabling are thick
coaxial and thin coaxial.
Thin
coaxial cable is also referred to as thinnet. 10Base2 refers to the
specifications for thin coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 2 refers
to the approximate maximum segment length being 200 meters. In actual fact the
maximum segment length is 185 meters. Thin coaxial cable is popular in school
networks, especially linear bus networks.
Thick
coaxial cable is also referred to as thicknet. 10Base5 refers to the
specifications for thick coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 5 refers
to the maximum segment length being 500 meters. Thick coaxial cable has an
extra protective plastic cover that helps keep moisture away from the center conductor.
This makes thick coaxial a great choice when running longer lengths in a linear
bus network. One disadvantage of thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily
and is difficult to install.
Coaxial Cable Connectors
The
most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the
Bayone-Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector (See fig. 4). Different types of
adapters are available for BNC connectors, including a T-connector, barrel
connector, and terminator. Connectors on the cable are the weakest points in
any network. To help avoid problems with your network, always use the BNC
connectors that crimp, rather than screw, onto the cable.
Fiber Optic
Cable
Fiber
optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of
protective materials (See fig. 5). It transmits light rather than electronic
signals eliminating the problem of electrical interference. This makes it ideal
for certain environments that contain a large amount of electrical
interference. It has also made it the standard for connecting networks between
buildings, due to its immunity to the effects of moisture and lighting.
Fiber
optic cable has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances than
coaxial and twisted pair. It also has the capability to carry information at
vastly greater speeds. This capacity broadens communication possibilities to
include services such as video conferencing and interactive services. The cost
of fiber optic cabling is comparable to copper cabling; however, it is more
difficult to install and modify. 10BaseF refers to the specifications for fiber
optic cable carrying Ethernet signals.
- Outer insulating jacket is made of Teflon or PVC.
- Kevlar fiber helps to strengthen the cable and
prevent breakage.
- A plastic coating is used to cushion the fiber
center.
- Center (core) is made of glass or plastic fibers.
Fiber Optic Connector
The
most common connector used with fiber optic cable is an ST connector. It is
barrel shaped, similar to a BNC connector. A newer connector, the SC, is
becoming more popular. It has a squared face and is easier to connect in a
confined space.
Ethernet Cable Summary
|
Wireless LANs
Not
all networks are connected with cabling; some networks are wireless. Wireless
LANs use high frequency radio signals, infrared light beams, or lasers to
communicate between the workstations and the file server or hubs. Each
workstation and file server on a wireless network has some sort of
transceiver/antenna to send and receive the data. Information is relayed
between transceivers as if they were physically connected. For longer distance,
wireless communications can also take place through cellular telephone technology,
microwave transmission, or by satellite.
Wireless
networks are great for allowing laptop computers or remote computers to connect
to the LAN. Wireless networks are also beneficial in older buildings where it
may be difficult or impossible to install cables.
The
two most common types of infrared communications used in schools are
line-of-sight and scattered broadcast. Line-of-sight communication means that
there must be an unblocked direct line between the workstation and the
transceiver. If a person walks within the line-of-sight while there is a
transmission, the information would need to be sent again. This kind of
obstruction can slow down the wireless network.
Scattered
infrared communication is a broadcast of infrared transmissions sent out in
multiple directions that bounces off walls and ceilings until it eventually
hits the receiver. Networking communications with laser are virtually the same
as line-of-sight infrared networks.
Wireless
LANs have several disadvantages. They provide poor security, and are
susceptible to interference from lights and electronic devices. They are also
slower than LANs using cabling.
Installing Cable - Some
Guidelines
When running cable, it is
best to follow a few simple rules: - Always use more cable than you need. Leave plenty
of slack.
- Test every part of a network as you install it.
Even if it is brand new, it may have problems that will be difficult to
isolate later.
- Stay at least 3 feet away from fluorescent light
boxes and other sources of electrical interference.
- If it is necessary to run cable across the floor,
cover the cable with cable protectors.
- Label both ends of each cable.
- Use cable ties (not tape) to keep cables in the
same location together.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)